Adversaries rely on a variety of integrated terrestrial, cyber, and space-based capabilities and equipment to deliver information, communications, and global awareness. The rapidly expanding commercial space industry provides low-cost space capabilities and options for nations and actors across the globe to enter a previously inaccessible domain. This course introduces the student to the who, what, and why regarding China, Russia, and commercial space programs. By examining the national objectives of both countries, their current and developing space- based capabilities, and commercial space endeavors, graduates of this course will have a firm understanding of the challenges and opportunities these doctrinally based capabilities pose to US and allied interests.